To estimate potential exposure to pesticide residues, EPA uses food consumption data gathered as part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Nationwide Food Consumption Survey. The survey profiles the types and amounts of food consumed over several days for all Americans, as well as subgroups.
All foods are analyzed by their separate ingredients using EPA standard "recipe files" for 300 different foods. For example, the amount of wheat flour, tomato, cheese, oregano, and other ingredients are estimated for a serving of pizza. All foods in a person's daily diet are analyzed, and the amounts of similar food components are added (e.g., total amount of wheat flour consumed from various foods in a day). These data, in turn, are used along with information on pesticide residues on individual foods to estimate overall dietary exposure to a pesticide.
EPA also has developed a special data base known as the Dietary Risk Evaluation System (DRES). This system allows the agency to refine its exposure estimates for pesticides in the diets of infants, children and other potentially sensitive subgroups. The DRES system provides information on food consumption for more than 300 food commodities for 22 different subpopulations.
According to William Farland, Ph.D., director of EPA's Office of Health and Environment Assessment, "If the DRES analysis indicates that exposure to a subgroup is so high that adverse effects may occur, then EPA will not approve a tolerance even if the estimated risks to the overall population are acceptable."
One case in which EPA did not approve a tolerance because of specific dietary concerns for infants and children involved the pesticide pydrin in 1985. New uses of the chemical on alfalfa and sorghum were requested to be allowed. However, EPA determined that the potential risks to children from secondary residues in milk from cows eating such grains were unacceptable, and the agency denied the request.
When it comes to food additives, FDA requires the manufacturer or sponsor of a food additive petition to provide an estimate of the anticipated consumption of the substance, based on the food categories in which its use is proposed. Such data include frequency of consumption and amounts consumed by all age groups, based on a nationally representative sample of Americans.
All foods are analyzed by their separate ingredients using EPA standard "recipe files" for 300 different foods. For example, the amount of wheat flour, tomato, cheese, oregano, and other ingredients are estimated for a serving of pizza. All foods in a person's daily diet are analyzed, and the amounts of similar food components are added (e.g., total amount of wheat flour consumed from various foods in a day). These data, in turn, are used along with information on pesticide residues on individual foods to estimate overall dietary exposure to a pesticide.
EPA also has developed a special data base known as the Dietary Risk Evaluation System (DRES). This system allows the agency to refine its exposure estimates for pesticides in the diets of infants, children and other potentially sensitive subgroups. The DRES system provides information on food consumption for more than 300 food commodities for 22 different subpopulations.
According to William Farland, Ph.D., director of EPA's Office of Health and Environment Assessment, "If the DRES analysis indicates that exposure to a subgroup is so high that adverse effects may occur, then EPA will not approve a tolerance even if the estimated risks to the overall population are acceptable."
One case in which EPA did not approve a tolerance because of specific dietary concerns for infants and children involved the pesticide pydrin in 1985. New uses of the chemical on alfalfa and sorghum were requested to be allowed. However, EPA determined that the potential risks to children from secondary residues in milk from cows eating such grains were unacceptable, and the agency denied the request.
When it comes to food additives, FDA requires the manufacturer or sponsor of a food additive petition to provide an estimate of the anticipated consumption of the substance, based on the food categories in which its use is proposed. Such data include frequency of consumption and amounts consumed by all age groups, based on a nationally representative sample of Americans.
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